There are many contraceptives in the world market today. Knowledge of the vast spectrum of contraceptive methods is essential to the everyday practice of healthcare personnel. Such knowledge translates to improved care and access for women so they can obtain and utilize the appropriate contraception for their individual needs. This is a review of non-oral and nonsurgical contraceptive methods.
Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest (•) or of considerable interest (••) to readers.
2.
HenshawSK: Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Fam. Plann. Perspect.30, 24–29, 46 (1998).
3.
Good overview of unintended pregnancy in the USA.
4.
AbmaJCChandraA, Mosher WD et al. and the National Center for Health Statistics: Fertility, family planning and women's health: new data from the 1995 Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat.23, 19, 1–114 (1997).
5.
TrussellJLevequeJAKoenigJD: The economic value of contraception: a comparison of 15 methods. Am. J. Public Health85, 494–503 (1995).
6.
Compares multiple methods of contraception and discusses their economic value.
7.
KostKForrestJDHarlapS: Comparing the health risks and benefits of contraceptive choices. Fam. Plann. Perspect.23, 54–61 (1991).
8.
PiccininoLJMosherWD: Trends in contraceptive use in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam. Plann. Perspect.30, 4–10, 46 (1998).
9.
BurkmanRT: Compliance and other issues in contraception. Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med.44, 234–240 (1999).
10.
Another general overview of contraception.
11.
ParianiSHeerDMVan ArsdolMDJr: Does choice make a difference to contraceptive use? Evidence from East Java. Stud. Fam. Plann.22(6), 384–390 (1991).
12.
ZhengSRZhengHMQianSZ: A randomized multicenter study comparing the efficacy and bleeding pattern of a single rod (Implanon) and a six capsule (Norplant) hormone contraceptive implant. Contraception60, 1–8 (1999).
13.
HuberJWenzleR: Pharmacokinetics of Implanon: an integrated analysis. Contraception58, S85 (1998).
14.
Harrison-WoolrychMHillR: Unintended pregnancies with the etonogestrel implant (Implanon): a case series from postmarketing experience in Australia. Contraception75, 306–308 (2005).
15.
CroxattoHBMakaranenL: The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon: an overview of the data. Contraception58, S91–S97 (1998).
16.
Overview of Implanon®.
17.
DarneyPD: Implantable contraception. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care5(Suppl. 2), 2–11 (2000).
18.
Good overview of implantable contraceptives.
19.
DiazJRubinJFaundesADiazMBahamondesL: Comparison of local signs and symptoms after the insertion of Norplant implants with and without a scalpel. Contraception44(3), 217–221 (1991).
20.
CroxattoHB: Clinical profile of Implanon: a single-rod etonogestrel contraceptive implant. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care5(Suppl. 2), 21–28 (2000).
21.
Contraceptive technology update. October 23, 109 (2002).
22.
SivinISternJCoutinhoE: Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of levonorgestrel 20mcg/day (LNG 20) and the Copper T 380Ag IUDs. Contraception44, 473–480 (1991).
23.
WanLSStiberALamLT: The levonorgestrel two-rod implant for long-acting contraception: 10 years of clinical experience. Obstet. Gynecol.102, 24–26 (2003).
24.
AedoARLandgrenBMJohannissonEDiczfalusyE: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations with monthly injectable contraceptive preparations. Contraception31, 453–469 (1985).
25.
World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force on Research on Introduction and Transfer Technologies for Fertility, Regulation, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction: A multicentered Phase III comparative study of two hormonal contraceptive preparations given once-a-month by intramuscular injection. I: contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraception37, 1–20 (1988).
26.
ShulmanLPNelsonALDarneyPD: Recent developments in hormone delivery systems. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.190(Suppl. 4), 1–16 (2004).
27.
Good review of advances in contraceptive technology.
28.
JainJDuttonCNicosiaAWajszczukCBodeFRMishellDRJr: Pharmacokinetics, ovulation suppression and return to ovulation following a lower dose subcutaneous formulation of Depo-Provera. Contraception70(1), 11–18 (2004).
29.
JainJJakimiukAJBodeFRRossDKaunitzAM: Contraceptive efficacy and safety of DMPA-SC. Contraception70(4), 269–275 (2004).
30.
Overview of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) subcutaneous formulation.
31.
KaunitzAM: Long-acting injectable contraception with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.170, 1543 (1994).
32.
DMPA overview.
33.
PettaCAFaundesADunsonTR: Timing of onset of contraceptive effectiveness in Depo-Provera users: part I changes in cervical mucus. Fertil. Steril.69(2), 252–257 (1999).
34.
De AboodMde CastilloGuerreroE: Effect of Depo-Provera or Microgynon in the painful crises of sickle-cell anemia patients. Contraception56, 313–316 (1997).
35.
Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int. J. Cancer49, 186–190 (1991).
36.
BelseyEM: Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and eight hormonal methods of contraception. Contraception38, 181 (1988).
37.
CundyTEvansMRobertsH: Bone density in women receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Br. Med. J.303, 13–16 (1991).
38.
WesthoffCWielandDTiezziL: Depression in users of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception51, 351–354 (1995).
39.
Cardiovascular disease and use of oral and injectable progestin-only contraceptives and combined injectable contraceptives. Results of an international, multicenter, case-control study. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Contraception57, 315–324 (1998).
ZiemanMGuillebaudJWeisbergE: Integrated summary of contraceptive efficacy with the Ortho Evra transdermal system. Fertil. Steril.Suppl. S19 (2001).
42.
Oveview of the Ortho Evra® patch.
43.
AudetMCMoreauMKoltunWD: Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch versus an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA285, 2347–2354 (2001).
44.
Good randomized, controlled trial comparing the contraceptive patch and oral pill.
45.
PiersonRAArcherDFMoreauM: Ortho-Evra versus oral contraceptives: follicular development and ovulation in normal cycles and after an intentional dosing error. Fertil. Steril.80, 34–42 (2003).
46.
AudetMCMoreauMKoltunWD: Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch versus and oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA285, 2347–2354 (2001).
47.
ForinashABEvansSL: New hormonal contraceptives: a comprehensive review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy23, 1573–1591 (2003).
48.
MishellDR: State of the art in hormonal contraception: an overview. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.190, S1–S4 (2004).
49.
Hormonal contraception overview.
50.
TimmerCJMuldersTM: Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethnyl estradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Clin. Pharmacokinet.39(3), 233–242 (2000).
51.
RoumenF: Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability with a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Healthcare7(Suppl. 2), 19–24, 37–39 (2002).
52.
MuldersTMDiebenTO: Use of the novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing for ovulation inhibition. Fertil. Steril.75(5), 865–870 (2001).
53.
RoumenFJApterDMuldersTMDiebenTO: Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol. Hum. Reprod.16(3), 469–475 (2001).
54.
MuldersTMDiebenTO: Use of the novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing for ovulation inhibition. Fertil. Steril.75(5), 865–870 (2001).
55.
DiebenTRoumenFApterD: Efficacy cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet. Gynecol.100, 585–593 (2002).
56.
Good article on the vaginal ring.
57.
BjarnadottirRTuppurainenMKillickS: Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levongestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.186, 389–395 (2002).
58.
DiebenTORoumenFJApterD: Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet. Gynecol.100(3), 585–593 (2002).
59.
PenneyGBrechinSde SouzaA: Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guidance (January 2004). The copper intrauterine device as long-term contraception. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care30(2), 134 (2004).
60.
DiazJBahamondesLDiazMMarchiNFaundesAMariniM: Evaluation of the performance of the copper T380A IUD up to ten years. Is this IUD a reversible but potentially permanent method?Adv. Contracept.8(4), 275–280 (1992).
61.
ForrestJD: US women's perceptions of and attitudes about the IUD. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.31, 30–34 (1996).
62.
GrimesDA: Modern IUDs: an update. Contracept. Rep. (1998).
63.
Overview of intrauterine systems.
64.
JohnsonBA: Insertion and removal of intrauterine devices. Am. Fam. Physician71(1), 95–102 (2005).
65.
CurtisKMChrismanCEPetersonHB, WHO Programme for Mapping Best Practices in Reproductive Health: Contraception for women in selected circumstances. Obstet. Gynecol.99, 1100–1112 (2002).
66.
Interesting review of contraception for women with certain medical conditions.
67.
AnderssonK: The levonorgestrel intrauterine system: more than a contraceptive. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care6(Suppl. 1), 15–22 (2001).
68.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena®), package insert. Berlex Laboratories, Inc., Montvale, NJ, USA (2000).
69.
CritchleyHOWangHJonesRL: Morphological and functional features of endometrial decidualization following long-term intrauterine levonorgestrel delivery. Hum. Reprod.13, 1218–1224 (1998).
70.
BarbosaIOlssonSEOdlindV: Ovarian function after seven years use of a levonorgestrel IUD. Adv. Contracept.11, 85–95 (1995).
71.
MonteiroIBahamondesLDiazJ: Therapeutic use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems in women with menorrhagia: a pilot study. Contraception65, 325–328 (2002).
72.
JensenJT: Noncontraceptive applications of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Curr. Womens Health Rep.2, 417–422 (2002).
73.
LockhatFBEmemboluJOKonjeJC: The evaluation of the effectiveness of an intrauterine-administered progestogen (levonorgestrel) in the symptomatic treatment of endometriosis and in the staging of the disease. Hum. Reprod.19(1), 179–184 (2004).
74.
PettaCAFerrianiRAAbraoMS: Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Hum. Reprod.20(7), 1993–1998 (2005).
75.
AnderssonKBatarIRyboG: Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgstrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception46, 575–584 (1992).
76.
LuukainenTAllonenHHaukkamaaM: Effective contraception with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device: 12-month report of a European multicenter study. Contraception36, 169–179 (1987).
77.
HubacherDGrimesDA: Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.57(2), 120–128 (2002).
78.
Good overview of the various noncontraceptive uses of intrauterine systems.
79.
MonteiroIBahamondesLDiazJ: Therapeutic use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems in women with menorrhagia: a pilot study. Contraception65, 325–328 (2002).
80.
InkiPHurskainenRPaloP: Comparison of ovarian cyst formation in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system vs hysterectomy. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.20, 381–385 (2002).
