Contraception in the Postpartum Period: Immediate Options for Long-Acting Success

Conde-Agudelo A Rosas-Bermúdez A Kafury-Goeta AC . Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: a systematic review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 196(4), 297–308 (2007).

Conde-Agudelo A Rosas-Bermúdez A Kafury-Goeta AC . Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA 295(15), 1809–1823 (2006).

US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC. www.healthypeople.gov

Gray RH Campbell OM Zacur H Labbok MH MacRae SL . Postpartum return of ovarian activity in non-breastfeeding women monitored by urinary assays. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64, 645–650 (1987).

CDC. The United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2010). www.cdc.gov

ACOG Practice Bulletin 121: long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Obstet. Gynecol. 118(1), 184–196 (2011).

Secura GM Madden T McNicholas C . Provision of no-cost, long-acting contraception and teenage pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 371(14), 1316–1323 (2014).

Thiel de Bocangera T Chang R Howell M Darney P . Interpregnancy intervals: impact of postpartum contraceptive effectiveness and coverage. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 210(4), 311.e1–311.e8 (2014).

Tocce KM Sheeder JL Teal SB . Rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: do immediate postpartum contraceptive implants make a difference? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206(6), 481.e1–481.e7 (2012).

Luchowski AT Anderson BL Power ML Espey E Schulkin J . Obstetrician–gynecologists and contraception: practice and opinions about use of IUDs in nulliparous women, adolescents and other patient populations. Contraception 89(6), 572–527 (2014).

White K Potter J Hopkins K Grossman D . Variation in postpartum contraceptive method use: results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Contraception 89(1), 57–62 (2014).

Rodriguez M Evans M Espey E . Advocating for immediate postpartum LARC: increasing access, improving outcomes, and decreasing cost. Contraception 90(5), 468–471 (2014).

Han L Teal S Sheeder J Tocce K . Preventing repeat pregnancy in adolescents: is immediate postpartum insertion of the contraceptive implant cost effective? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 211(1), 24.e1–24.e7 (2014).

Brito MB Ferriani RA Quintana SM Yazlle ME Silva de Sá MF Vieira CS . Safety of the etonogestrel-releasing implant during the immediate postpartum period: a pilot study. Contraception 80(6), 519–526 (2009).

Darney P Patel A Rosen K Shapiro L Kaunitz A . Safety and efficacy of a single-rod etonogestrel implant (Implanon); results from 11 international clinical trials. Fertil. Steril. 91(5), 1646–1653 (2009).

Ireland L Goyal V Raker C Murray A Allen R . The effect of immediate postpartum compared with delayed postpartum and interval etonogestrel contraceptive implant insertion on removal rates for bleeding. Contraception 90(3), 253–258 (2014).

Ortiz ME Croxatto HB . Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception 75(6 Suppl.), S16–S30 (2007).

Peipert JF Zhao Q Allsworth JE . Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception. Obstet. Gynecol. 117(5), 1105–1113 (2011).

Chen BA Reeves MF Creinin MD Schwarz EB . Postplacental or delayed levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion and breast-feeding duration. Contraception 84(5), 499–504 (2011).

Kapp N Curtis K . Intrauterine device insertion during the postpartum period: a systematic review. Contraception 80(4), 327–336 (2009).

Whitaker AL Endres LK Mistretta SQ Gilliam ML . Postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device after cesarean delivery vs. delayed insertion: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception 89(6), 534–539 (2009).

Kaislasuo J Suhonen S Gissler M Lähteenmäki P Heikinheimo O . Intrauterine contraception: incidence and factors associated with uterine perforation – a population-based study. Hum. Reprod. 27(9), 2658–2663 (2012).

Gomez AM Fuentes L Allina A . Women or LARC first? Reproductive autonomy and the promotion of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 46(3), 171–175 (2014).

Winner B Peipert JF Zhao Q . Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception. N. Engl. J. Med. 366(21), 1998–2007 (2012).