The present study explored the role of gender role conflict and separation-in-dividuation difficulties as it relates to loneliness in college aged men. The results supported the theorized connection that difficulties associated with successful separation from parents (father and mother) would be related to loneliness. Further, men's gender role conflict scores were also related to increases of lonesomeness. Implications for future research and clinical dynamics from a psychoanalytic perspective are discussed.
BergmanS.J. (1995). Men's psychological development: A relational perspective. In LevantR.F. & PollackW.S. (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 33–67). New York: Basic Books.
2.
BlazinaC. (1997). Fear of the feminine in the Western psyche and the masculine task of dis-identification: Their effect on the development of masculine gender role conflict. The Journal of Men's Studies, 6, 55–68.
3.
BlazinaC. (2001a). Analytic psychology and gender role conflict: The development of the fragile masculine self. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(1), 50–59.
4.
BlazinaC. (2001b). Gender-role-conflicted men's poor parental attachment and separation/individuation difficulties: Knights without armor in a savage land. The Journal of Men's Studies, 9(2), 257–265.
5.
BlazinaC. (2001c). Part objects, infantile fantasies, and intrapsychic boundaries: An object relation's perspective on male difficulties with intimacy. The Journal of Men's Studies, 10, 89–98.
6.
BlazinaC. (2004). Gender role conflict and the dis-identification process: Two case studies on fragile masculine self. The Journal of Men's Studies, 12, 151–161.
7.
BlazinaC.PiseccoS., & O'NeilJ. (2005). An adaptation of the Gender Role Conflict Scale for adolescents: Psychometric issues and correlates with distress. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6, 39–45.
8.
BlazinaC., & WatkinsC.E. (1996). Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes toward help-seeking. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 461–465.
9.
BlazinaC., & WatkinsC.E. (2000). Separation/individuation, parental attachment, and male gender role conflict: Attitudes toward the feminine and the fragile masculine self. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1(2), 126–132.
10.
BlusteinD.L.WalbridgeM.M.FriedlanderM.L., & PalladinoD.E. (1991). Contributions of psychological separation and parental attachment to the career development process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 39–50.
11.
BowlbyJ. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic.
12.
BrannonR. (1985). A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. In SargentA.G. (Ed.), Beyond sex roles (pp. 1–48). St. Paul, MN: West.
13.
BreidingM.J., & SmithD.A. (2002, August). Male gender role conflict affects wives' marital adjustment. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
14.
BrooksG.R., & GoodG.E. (Eds.). (2001). The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men: A comprehensive guide to settings, problems, and treatment approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15.
BruchM.A. (2002). Shyness and toughness: Unique and moderated relations with men's emotional inexpressiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 28–34.
16.
BruchM.A.BerkoE.H., & HaaseR.F. (1998). Shyness, masculine ideology, physical attractiveness, and emotional inexpressiveness: Testing a mediational model of men's interpersonal competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 84–97.
17.
CachiaP. (2001). The interplay of gender role conflict and adult attachment. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Malta.
18.
CournoyerR.J., & MahalikJ.R. (1995). Cross-sectional study of gender role conflict examining college-aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 11–19.
19.
CovellA. (1998). Characteristics of college males who are likely to sexually harass women: A test of a mediated model (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 2400.
20.
DefrancW., & MahalikJ.R. (2002). Masculine gender role conflict and stress in relation to parental attachment and separation. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 3, 51–60.
21.
FischerA.R., & GoodG.E. (1997). Men and psychotherapy: An investigation of alexithymia, intimacy, and masculine gender roles. Psychotherapy, 34, 160–170.
22.
FreudS. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (Vol. 7). London: Hogarth Press.
23.
GoodG.E., & FischerA.R. (1998). New directions for the study of gender role attitudes: A cluster analytic investigation of masculinity ideologies. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(3), 371–384.
24.
GoodG.E., & MintzL.B. (1990). Gender role conflict and depression in college men: Evidence for compounded risk. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 17–21.
25.
GoodG.E.BorstT.S., & WallaceD.L. (1994). Masculinity research: A review and critique. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 3(1), 3–14.
26.
GoodG.E.RobertsonJ.M.O'NeilJ.M.FitzgeraldL.F.StevensM.DeBordK.A. (1995). Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 3–10.
27.
GreensonR. (1968). Dis-identifying from mother: Its special importance for the boy. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 49(2–3), 370–374.
28.
HayesJ.A., & MahalikJ.R. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in male counseling center clients. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1(2), 116–125.
29.
HoffmanJ.A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 170–178.
30.
HoffmanJ.A., & WeissB. (1987). Family dynamics and presenting problems in college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(2), 157–163.
31.
HorneyK. (1932/1967). The dread of women. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 13, 348–360.
32.
KleinM. (1962). The psychoanalysis of children. New York: Grove.
33.
KohutH. (1984). How does analysis cure?Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
34.
LisakD. (2001) Male survivors of trauma. In BrooksG.R. & GoodG.E. (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men: A comprehensive guide to settings, problems, and treatment approaches (pp. 263–277), San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
35.
LevantR.F. (1995). A new psychology of men. In PollackW.S. & LevantR.F. (Eds.), A new psychotherapy for men (pp. 147–166). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
36.
LopezF.G.CampbellV.L., & WatkinsC.E. (1986). Depression, psychological separation, and college adjustment. An investigation for sex differences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 52–56.
37.
MahalikJ.R. (2000). Gender role conflict in men as a predictor of self-ratings of behavior on the interpersonal circle. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 276–292.
38.
MahalikJ.R.CournoyerR.DeFrancW.CherryM., & NapolitanoJ.M. (1998). Gender role conflict: Predictors of men's utilization of psychological defenses. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 247–255.
39.
MahlerM.PineF., & BergmanA. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.
40.
MarroccoF.A. (2001). Gender role conflict in young males as a function of paternal/filial mutual identification and personal warmth and empathy (Doctoral dissertation, Long Island University, 2001). Dissertation Abstract International, 52, 4226.
41.
MoradiB.TokarD.M.SchaubM.JomeL.M., & SernaG.S. (2000). Revisiting the structural validity of the gender role conflict scale. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 62–69.
42.
NapolitanoJ.M.MahalikJ.R., & KennyM.E. (1999, August). Relation of gender role strain and attachment to men's psychosocial development. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.
43.
OlsenS.E. (2000). Gender role conflict and anxiety as predictors of anger in men (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Dakota, 2000). Dissertation Abstract International, 61, 1647
44.
O'NeilJ.M. (1981). Male sex-role conflicts, sexism, and masculinity: Implications for men, women, and the counseling psychologist. The Counseling Psychologist, 9(2), 61–80.
45.
O'NeilJ.M. (1982). Gender role conflict and strain in men's lives: Implications for psychiatrists, psychologists, and other human service providers. In SolomonK. & LevyN.B. (Eds.), Men in transition: Changing male roles, theory, and therapy (pp. 5–44). New York: Plenum Publishing Co.
46.
O'NeilJ.M. (2002, August). Twenty years of gender role conflict research: Summary of 130 studies. In O'NeilJ.M. & GoodG.E. Chairs, Gender role conflict research: Empirical Studies and 20 year summary. Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
47.
O'NeilJ.M.GoodG.E., & HolmesS. (1995). Fifteen years of theory and research on men's gender role conflict: New paradigms for empirical research. In LevantR.F. & PollackW.S. (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 164–206). New York: Basic Books, Inc.
48.
O'NeilJ.M.HelmsB.J.GableR.K.DavidL., & WrightsmanL.S. (1986). Gender role conflict scale: College men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14, 335–350.
49.
OshersonS. (1986). Finding our fathers. New York: Fawcett Columbine
50.
PollackW.S. (1995). Deconstructing dis-identification: Rethinking psychoanalytic-concepts of male development. Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, 12(1), 30–45.
51.
PollackW.S. (2000). Real boys. New York: Henry Holt.
52.
RochlenA., & MahalikJ.R. (2004). Women's perceptions of male partner's gender role conflict as predictors of psychological well-being and relationship satisfaction. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 147–157.
53.
SchmidtN., & SermatV. (1983). Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 1038–1047.
54.
SharpeM.J., & HeppnerP.P. (1991). Gender role, gender-role conflict and psychological well-being in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(3), 323–330.
55.
SimonsonG.BlazinaC., & WatkinsC.E. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological well-being among gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 85–89.
56.
SmilerA.P. (2004). Thirty years after the discovery of gender: Psychological concepts and measures of masculinity. Sex Roles, 50(1–2), 15–26.
57.
SchwartzJ.P.WaldoM., & HigginsA.J. (2004). Attachment styles: Relationship to masculine gender role conflict in college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 143–146.
58.
SharpeM.J.HeppnerP.P., & DixonW.A. (1995). Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men. Sex Roles, 33, 1–18.
59.
SwensonB.H. (1998). Men and self-disclosure about personal topics: The impact of gender role conflict, self-esteem, and early relationship with father (Doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59/08, 4543.
60.
ThompsonE.H., & PleckJ.H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531–543.
61.
ThompsonE.H.PleckJ.H., & FerreraD.L. (1992). Men and masculinities: Scales for masculinity ideology and masculinity-related constructs. Sex Roles, 27(11–12), 573–607.
62.
TokarD.M.FisherA.R.SchaubM., & MoradiB. (2000). Masculine gender roles and counseling-related variables: Link with mediation by personality. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 380–393.
63.
VillemezW.J., & TouheyJ.C. (1977). A measure of individual differences in sex stereotyping and sex discrimination: The macho scale. Psychological Records, 41(2), 411–415.