A rising number of districts in Indonesia have adopted shari'a by-laws in recent years. This article shows that this development has to be situated in the context of institutional change. Shari'a by-laws allow regents to open up new revenue streams. These revenues are then used to consolidate political power.
Alfitri (2006), ‘The law of zakat management and non-governmental zakat collectors in Indonesia’, International Journal for Not-for-Profit Law, Vol 8, No 2, pp 57–66.
2.
AmalI. (1992), Regional and Central Government in Indonesian Politics: West Sumatra and South Sulawesi 1949–1979, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
3.
SyamAmin (2007), personal communication, 1 November.
4.
AspinallE. (2007), ‘From Islamism to nationalism in Aceh, Indonesia’, Nations and Nationalism, Vol 13, No 2, pp 245–263.
5.
AspinallE. (2008), ‘The politics of Islamic law in Aceh’, Journal of Asian Studies (forthcoming).
6.
HasanAzwar (2006), personal communication, 7 September.
7.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Sulawesi Selatan (2001), Sulawesi Selatan Dalam Angka 2001, BPS, Makassar.
8.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Sulawesi Selatan (2004), Sulawesi Selatan Dalam Angka 2004, BPS, Makassar.
9.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Sulawesi Selatan (2005), Kabupaten Bulukumba Dalam Angka 2005/2006, BPS, Makassar.
10.
Bagian Kepegawaian Kota Makassar (2007), ‘Rekap Data Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pemerintah Daerah Kota Makassar Keadaan Bulan Januari 2007 per Tlg. 23 Jan. 07’, unpublished document.
11.
BayartJ.-F. (1999), ‘The “social capital” of the felonious state’, in BayartJ.-F.EllisS.HibouB., eds, The Criminalization of the State in Africa, James Currey, Oxford.
12.
Bendaharawan Kabupaten Barru (2006a), Biaya Honor Guru Mengaji Kabupaten Barru Bulan Januari Sampai Dengan Juni 2006, Tahun Anggaran 2006, Sesuai Daftar Terlampir, Kantor Bupati, Barru.
13.
Bendaharawan Kabupaten Barru (2006b), Biaya Insentif Pegawai Syara SeKabupaten Barru Bulan Januari Sampai Dengan Juni 2006, Tahun Anggaran 2006, Sesuai Daftar Terlampir, Kantor Bupati, Barru.
14.
Bendaharawan Kabupaten Barru (2006c), Biaya Insentif Imam Masjid SeKabupaten Barru Bulan Januari Sampai Dengan Juni 2006, Tahun Anggaran 2006, Sesuai Daftar Terlampir, Kantor Bupati, Barru.
15.
BuehlerM. (2007), ‘Local elite reconfiguration in post-New Order Indonesia: An analysis of the 2005 elections of regents’, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, Vol 41, No 1, pp 119–147.
16.
BuehlerM.TanP. Johnson (2007), ‘Party–candidate relationships in Indonesian local politics: A case study of the 2005 regional elections in Gowa, South Sulawesi province’, Indonesia, Vol 84, October, pp 41–69.
17.
BushR. (2007), ‘Regional “shari'ah” regulations in Indonesia: Anomaly or symptom?’ paper presented at the Indonesia Update Conference 2007, Islamic Life and Politics, 7–8 September, Coombs Lecture Theatre, Australia National University, Canberra.
18.
DavisN. J.RobinsonR. V. (2006), ‘The egalitarian face of Islamic orthodoxy: Support for Islamic law and economic justice in seven Muslim-majority nations’, American Sociological Review, Vol 71, No 2, pp 167–190.
19.
ErieS. P. (1988), Rainbow's End: Irish—Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840–1985, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
20.
Fajar (2006), ‘Pemkab Kucurkan Rp 397 Juta’, 19 June, p 32.
21.
Fajar (2006), ‘191 CPNS Umum Ikut Tes Mengaji’, 4 July, p 29.
FealyG. (2002), ‘Radical Islam in Indonesia’, conference paper prepared for the From Terrorism to Revolution — The Jihadist Threat to Regime Survival in Societies: Historical Cases and Current Prospects Conference, 22 November, Washington, DC.
25.
GadeA. M. (2004), Perfection Makes Practice: Learning, Emotion, and the Recited Qur'an in Indonesia, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.
26.
SirajuddinIlham Arief (2007), personal communication, 31 October.
27.
MallongiKamrir Daeng (2006), personal communication, 28 November.
28.
KitscheltH.WilkinsonS. I., eds (2007), ‘Citizen–politician linkages: An introduction’, in Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29.
KPPSI (2005), Ikhtiar Menuju Darusslam: Perjuangan Menegakkan Syariat Islam di Sulawesi Selatan, Pustaka AR-Rayhan, Jakarta.
30.
KPUD Barru (2005), Rekapitulasi Penghitungan Suara Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Dan Wakil Kepala Daerah Tingkat Kabupaten, KPUD, Barru.
31.
Laporan Pengurus BAZ Kabupaten Barru (2006), Tentang Pendistribusian/Pengalokasikan Dana ZIS Tahun 2006M/1427H, Badan Amil Zakat, Barru.
32.
MalleyM. (1999), ‘Resource distribution, state coherence, and political centralization in Indonesia 1950–1997’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI.
33.
McGibbonR. (2006), ‘Indonesian politics in 2006: Stability, compromise and shifting contests over ideology’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Vol 42, No 3, pp 321–340.
34.
MuliaS. M. (2006), ‘Perda Syariat Dan Peminggiran Perempuan: Ada Apa Dengan Demokrasi di Indonesia?’ available from Website: http://www.icrp-online.org/wmview.php?ArtID=178 (accessed 5 August 2007).
PabokoriPatabai (2006), personal communication, 14 September.
37.
Pedoman Rakyat (2006), ‘Diklat Berubah dengan Nuansa Religius’, 31 July, p 19.
38.
Peraturan Kabupaten Daerah Bulukumba Nomor 2 Tahun (2003), Pengelolaan Zakat Profesi, Infaq dan Sadaqah Dalam Kabupaten Bulukumba, Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Bulukumba Tahun 2003 Nomor 02 Seri C Nomor 01, Bulukumba.
39.
Peraturan Kabupaten Daerah Bulukumba Nomor 5 Tahun (2003), Berpakaian Muslim dan Muslimah Di Kabupaten Bulukumba, Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Bulukumba Tahun 2003 Nomor 05 Seri C Nomor 03, Bulukumba.
40.
Peraturan Kabupaten Daerah Bulukumba Nomor 6 Tahun (2003), Pandai Baca Al-Qur'an Bagi Siswa dan Calon Pengantin Dalam Kabupaten Bulukumba, Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Bulukumba Tahun 2003 06 Seri C Nomor 04, Bulukumba.
41.
Peraturan Daerah Kota Makassar Nomor 5 Tahun (2006), Tentang Pengelolaan Zakat, Bagian Hukum Sekretariat Kota Makassar, Tahun.
42.
Peraturan Walikota Makassar Nomor 3 Tahun (2007), Tentang Pembentukan Susunan Organisasi Dan Tata Kerja Badan Amil Zakat Kota Makassar, Berita Daerah Kota Makassar, Tahun.
43.
RumM. (2006), personal communication, 28 November.
44.
SalimA. (2003), ‘Zakat administration in politics of Indonesian New Order’, in SalimA.AzraAzyumardi, eds, Shari'a and Politics in Modern Indonesia, ISEAS, Singapore.
45.
ScottJ. (1972), Comparative Political Corruption, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
46.
SidelJ. T. (1999), Capital, Coercion, and Crime: Bossism in the Philippines, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
47.
NurSyafruddin (2005), Campaign stickers.
48.
Tempo (1972), ‘Menata Pelita di Sulawesi Selatan’, 19 February, pp 43–50.
49.
Tentang Pembentukan Unit Pengumpul Zakat – UPZ (2007), Instruksi Walikota Makassar Nomor 02/45112.05/Inst/2007, Kota Makassar, Makassar.
50.
Tribun Timur (2006), ‘KPPSI: Perda Miras Harus Melarang Total’, 3 July, p 30.
51.
Tribun Timur (2006), ‘PS Daerah’, 28 July, p 17.
52.
Warta Perundangan (1999), ‘Undang-Undang No. 38 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengelolaan Zakat’, 18 October, p 1.
53.
WheelerM. (2007), ‘Consultancy on issues in health financing’, unpublished document, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Jakarta.
54.
World Bank (2007), ‘Indonesia: Sharia and regional autonomy’, unpublished draft paper, World Bank, Washington, DC.
