The concept of clandestine or illegal migration dates back to the 1930s but only became prominent during the 1980s and 1990s. It is an umbrella term that refers to a complex set of conditions and embraces various patterns. Instead of applying the conventional but crude legal/illegal dichotomy this article suggests a fine-tuned analysis of clandestine migration on a scale between the two poles. This contribution surveys the state of the art and discusses various approaches in clandestine migration research; it aims at clarifying as yet blurred definitions, discusses often problematical quantitative aspects, and gives an overview of various major patterns in clandestine migration. Finally, in reflecting on the specific conditions that determine clandestine migration, it argues that this phenomenon is a social construct of the 21st century.
Le concept de migration `clandestine' ou `illégale' date de 1930, mais ce n'est que pendant les années 1980—90 qu'il s'est largement imposé. Il s'agit d'un terme fourre-tout qui renvoie à un ensemble complexe de conditions et englobe des schémas migratoires très divers. Au lieu d'adopter la classification en forme de dichotomie, conventionnelle mais réductrice, entre migration légale/illégale, cet article propose une analyse nuancée de la migration clandestine sur une échelle graduée entre ces deux pôles. Cette contribution fait le point sur la question et examine les différentes approches de recherche sur la migration clandestine, son but est de clarifier des définitions quelque peu brouillées, il évalue les aspects quantitatifs souvent contradictoires et décrit les grands schémas de migration clandestine. Finalement, en réfléchissant aux conditions spécifiques qui déterminent la migration clandestine, l'auteur postule que ce phénomène est une construction sociale du 21ème siècle.
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