Low-cost sensor desert and equity across US cities

Abstract

This study investigates the disparities in low-cost indoor and outdoor sensor coverage across US cities, that is, metropolitan statistical areas. Findings show that communities vulnerable to air pollution and urban heat islands often lack adequate sensor coverage, highlighting a critical mismatch between environmental needs and technological resources. Additionally, residents of high-income and white neighborhoods have relatively greater sensor coverage—both within their residential areas and across mobility networks—yet they experience a higher percentage of invalid sensors. This inequitable distribution of sensors exacerbates social inequity issues, as lower socioeconomic status communities and communities of color are already disproportionately exposed to environmental threats. Furthermore, mobility-weighted analyses reveal that these neighborhoods are more likely to visit areas with sensors, enhancing their access to environmental data. This research underscores the need for equitable sensor distribution to ensure all communities can effectively monitor and mitigate environmental risks.